The process of thiet ke website ( thiet ke web in vietnamese ) mean thiet ke web on english =Web sites, Web applications or multimedia for the Web may utilize multiple disciplines, such as animation, authoring, communication design, corporate identity, graphic design, human-computer interaction, information architecture, interaction design, marketing, photography, search engine optimization and typography.
* Markup languages (such as HTML, XHTML and XML)
* Style sheet languages (such as CSS and XSL)
* Client-side scripting (such as JavaScript)
* Server-side scripting (such as PHP and ASP)
* Database technologies (such as MySQL and PostgreSQL)
* Multimedia technologies (such as Flash and Silverlight)
Web pages and Web sites can be static pages, or can be programmed to be dynamic pages that automatically adapt content or visual appearance depending on a variety of factors, such as input from the end-user, input from the Webmaster or changes in the computing environment (such as the site’s associated database having been modified).
thiet ke web is similar (in a very simplistic way) to traditional print publishing. Every website is an information display container, just as a book is a container; and every web page is like the page in a book. However, thiet ke web uses a framework based on digital code and display technology to construct and maintain an environment to distribute information in multiple formats. Taken to its fullest potential, thiet ke web is undoubtedly the most sophisticated and increasingly complex method to support communication in today’s world. “Design Issues for the World Wide Web”. public domain. World Wide Web Consortium. 2009-06-09. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
For the typical web sites, the basic aspects of design are:
* The content: the substance, and information on the site should be relevant to the site and should target the area of the public that the website is concerned with.
* The usability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and navigation simple and reliable.
* The appearance: the graphics and text should include a single style that flows throughout, to show consistency. The style should be professional, appealing and relevant.
* The visibility: the site must also be easy to find via most, if not all, major search engines and advertisement media.
A web site typically consists of text and images. The first page of a web site is known as the Home page or Index. Some web sites use what is commonly called a Splash Page. Splash pages might include a welcome message, language or region selection, or disclaimer. Each web page within a web site is an HTML file which has its own URL. After each web page is created, they are typically linked together using a navigation menu composed of hyperlinks. Faster browsing speeds have led to shorter attention spans and more demanding online visitors and this has resulted in less use of Splash Pages, particularly where commercial web sites are concerned[citation needed].
Once a web site is completed, it must be published or uploaded in order to be viewable to the public over the internet. This may be done using an FTP client. Once published, the web master may use a variety of techniques to increase the traffic, or hits, that the web site receives. This may include submitting the web site to a search engine such as Google, Bing or Yahoo, exchanging links with other web sites, creating affiliations with similar web sites, etc.
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Well, visiting Texas can help you do just that. There are many things to see and do that are geared towards kids of all ages. Here is a list of a few distinctively Texan places that will make your trip more fun.
For the aspiring astronauts in all of us, there is the Johnson Space Center to visit. Here, you will be treated to the history of NASA Space programs. There are many activities and attractions including the Kids Space Place, Astronaut Gallery and the Blast Off Theater. And, you undoubtedly will want to make sure that you visit “Ground Control” while you are there. You might even be lucky enough to actually see a real shuttle take off.
Like most kids and kids at heart, if you are looking for something to do that is fun and entertaining, then look no further than Schillterbahn Waterparks. With three locations and three uniquely different settings, this is a must stop for everyone in the family. The original waterpark is located in historic New Braunfels. Here, you can spend the day on over 3 miles of tubing adventures, enjoy one of the 7 children’s areas or partake in any of the 17 different water slides. Or, if you have the time, take a trip to South Padre Island and spend time at the Schiltterbahn Beach Waterpark. Here, you can partake in a full day of family activities in a tropical beach setting. Again, Schillterbahn does not let you down with four water coasters, giant sandcastles, beach and boardwalks and tons of water fun. Finally, there is the new Schiltterbahn Galveston island resort. This is the first indoor, completely climate controlled waterpark in Texas. Here, you can spend year round fun on a beach, slipping down slides or just splashing away in the kids’ areas. No matter which park you visit, Schiltterbahn’s is definitely the place for kids of all ages to enjoy having fun.
Of course, you can’t visit San Antonio Texas without making one of your stops Sea World. Owned by the Busch Corporation, this park will not disappoint anyone. There are amusement rides galore, sea animal to explore and lots of shows to watch. There are several awesome roller coaster type rides, games and a huge lagoon to enjoy. With more than 20 shows to delight and educate you, there is no room for boredom. You can see the famous Shamu the whale doing his tricks or visit the Sea Lion Comedy Show where not only will you delight in their antics, but you can get up close with them after the show and feed them.
No matter your age, Central Texas has something for everyone to enjoy. It does not matter if you have a day or a week, there is definitely something in Central Texas that will entice the kid in all of us to come out and play.
We are all striving to find out inner kid again. Well, visiting Texas can help you do just that. There are many things to see and do that are geared towards kids of all ages. Here is a list of a few distinctively Texan places that will make your trip more fun.
There are many reasons why many should consider buying a used Nintendo Wii system for there house or as a gift for a close friend. This article will hopefully calm your nerves from buying anything used nowadays, but there is many reasons purchasing used should not be scary at all with the right reasons and precautions.
First of all, purchasing a used Nintendo Wii system online or through a classified ad should be taken with precaution. The seller should offer some type of return policy if it’s an online e-commerce store. If you found a used Wii through a personal classified ad, then it would be worth the effort to make the trip to the seller’s house to actually test the used Wii system at his house before purchase. Many reputable online businesses will have people testing the game systems before putting them up for sale.
The biggest reason why people are buying used Nintendo Wii systems is because of its high demand. It was nearly impossible to find a new Nintendo Wii system and I don’t have time to camp out for days in front of a store. Used Nintendo Wii systems can be easily found for a fraction of the cost of a brand new Wii. Often times people are just looking for the console itself because they lost, broke, or had there Wii systems stolen. This is probably the best option for these people.
Another reason why Nintendo Wii systems are so popular amongst households is because it’s a different type of video gaming experience. Back then when I was kid playing video games meant slouching down on a couch for hours each day while moving my fingers across a controller and nothing else. The Nintendo Wii offers a different level of game play. Getting a used Nintendo Wii system is like a personal workout gym for your child. The games are really interactive with high technology motion sensors great for exercise.
One other reason why people don’t consider when purchasing a brand new Nintendo Wii system is that they don’t consider the fact that they have to purchase controllers, games, and other accessories. When you purchase a used Nintendo Wii, you now have extra money to purchase more games, etc.
Since the demand is so high on these Wii systems, the price will not likely drop anytime soon and in this day in age where are economy is struggling, we need to cut back on spending every which way we can. It doesn’t mean we shouldn’t enjoy ourselves once in awhile, we just all need to budget our expenses.
Ever since the news came out that President Barrack Obama’s game of choice with his family is the Nintendo Wii, there seems to be a great hike in Wii gaming console demand. The game of choice for their family was actually Wii bowling and they will play lots of it at the White House.
Just remember when purchasing a used Nintendo Wii system, you shouldn’t have to worry about getting a broken one if you do research and take precaution. You shouldn’t blame anyone but yourself if you bought a bad Nintendo Wii because you didn’t do your homework on testing it, checking to see if there was a return policy, etc.
Video game tester jobs are highly sought after by many during today’s modern times. Fortunately, you can get hired as a video game tester in a few simple steps.
Click Here For Beta Gaming Testers Instant Access Now!
First: Assess yourself about what it is exactly you are looking for in this job and set your goals properly. Second: You have to have a passion for gaming. Being a beta tester may seem like an easy job; but the truth is, it is a job that requires passion. Without a passion for gaming, you will find that beta game testing is tedious, stressful, and non-enjoyable, and you won’t last that long in the job. Because this job can sometimes drain you of your patience, it is important that beta game testers should sincerely love playing games.
Third: Learn how to test the game as software by learning the fundamentals of software testing. This way, you will be able to find a lot more bugs and consequently impress your employers. Fourth: Expand your options to various gaming platforms or companies.
Fifth: Acquire some game testing experiencing to build up your resume or portfolio. Your portfolio should be able to tell companies what you’re capable of and what experience you have and prove to them that you know your stuff well. Sixth: Try to learn how the gaming industry works. Have a basic understanding of what it takes to design, market, and ship a game. Seventh: Determine which company or companies you would like to work for. Establishing connections could also be a big help.
Again, video game testing is a career that is in demand today. In order to stand out from the crowd of aspiring game testers, it is critical that you create a strong portfolio that will truly showcase not only your passion for video games, but will also highlight why your prospective employer should hire you for the job.
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This orphanage cares for Nepalese village children whose parents have either passed away, disappeared or are too poor to feed and educate them. Limited staff makes taking care of the children of OHC a challenge. This placement needs volunteer because Limited staff makes taking care of the children of OHC a challenge. Volunteers are needed to assist the current staff and help make the work load more manageable.
Volunteers are needed to assist the current staff and help make the work load more manageable. Volunteers can help by doing the following tasks: OHC needs volunteers to lend a hand wherever necessary. You will be asked to help the children get ready for school, take younger kids to school in Morning and then to OHC in afternoon, assist with cleanup, teach the kids about proper hygiene, read books etc. You can also come up with extra curricular activities to engage the children or help the staff with administrative tasks. Pitch in where you see a need! Documentation such as a creating a record of all the children at the center. The specific skills that this placement is looking for are :
Child & Youth Worker
Leadership Programming
Recreational Programming
Social Work Student
Day Care Work
Report Writing / Data Collection
General Administration
Volunteers should be motivated individuals, patient with children, ready to be creative and have fun.
Basecamp International Centers welcomes the volunteers arpund the world who want to volunteer and make a difference. If you are interested in this volunteer placement then please contact us for the details: Email: info@basecampcenters.com Website: www.basecampcenters.com Mailing Address 298 Bagot Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7K 3B4 Phone: 613.541.7862 Toll Free : 866.646.4693 Fax: 613.541.1604
There is no denying the fact that the server is a multi-user computer where there is no unusual hardware prerequisite that turns a computer into a server and as such the hardware platform needs to be preferred based on application demands and financial stringency. Servers for client/server applications work unsurpassed when they are configured with an operating system that supports shared memory, application isolation, and preemptive multitasking. An operating system with preemptive multitasking enables a higher priority task to preempt or take control of the processor from a currently executing, lower priority task. The server provides and controls shared access to server resources. Applications on a server must be isolated from each other so that an error in one cannot damage another. Preemptive multitasking ensures that no single task can take over all the resources of the server and thwart other tasks from providing service. There must be a means of defining the relative priority of the tasks on the server. These requirements are specific to the client/server accomplishment and not to the file server implementation. Because file servers execute only the single task of file service, they can operate in a more limited operating background without the need for application isolation and anticipatory multitasking.
The conventional minicomputer and mainframe hosts have acted as de facto enterprise servers for the network of terminals they support. Because the only functionality available to the terminal user is through the host, personal productivity data as well as business systems information is stored on this host server. Network services, application services, and database services are provided centrally from the host server. Many organizations download data from legacy enterprise servers for local manipulation at workstations. In the client/server model, the definition of server will continue to include these functions, perhaps still implemented on the same or similar platforms. Moreover, the advent of open systems based servers is facilitating the placement of services on many different platforms. Client/server computing is a phenomenon that developed from the ground up. Remote workgroups have needed to share expensive resources and have connected their desktop workstations into local area networks LANs have grown until they are pervasive in the organization. However, frequently, they are isolated one from the other. Many organizations have integrated the functionality of their dumb terminals into their desktop workstations to support character mode, host-based applications from the single workstation. The next wave of client/server computing is occurring now, as organizations of the mid-1990s begin to use the cheaper and more available processing power of the workstation as part of their enterprise systems. The Novell Network Operating System (NOS), NetWare, is the most widely installed LAN. It provides the premier file and print server supports. However, a limitation of NetWare for the needs of reliable client/server applications has been the requirement for an additional separate processor running as a database server. The availability of database server software—from companies such as Sybase and Oracle—to run on the NetWare server, is plateful to disseminate this limitation.
Apropos to the functions, Servers provide application, file, database, print, fax, image, communications, security, systems, and network management services. These are each described in some detail in the following sections. It is important to understand that a server is an architectural concept, not a physical implementation explanation. Client and server functions can be provided by the same physical device. With the movement toward peer computing, every device will potentially operate as a client and server in response to requests for service. Application servers provide business functionality to support the operation of the client workstation. In the client/server model these services can be provided for an entire or partial business function invoked through an Inter Process Communication (IPC) request for service. Either message-based requests RPCs can be used. A collection of application servers may work in concert to provide an entire business function. For example, in a payroll system the employee information may be managed by one application server, earnings calculated by another application server, and deductions calculated by a third application server. These servers may run different operating systems on various hardware platforms and may use different database servers. The client application invokes these services without consideration of the technology or geographic location of the various servers. Object technology provides the technical basis for the application server, and widespread acceptance of the CORBA standards is ensuring the viability of this trend. File servers provide record level data services to no database applications. Required memory space for storage is allocated, and free space is managed by the file server.
Catalog functions are provided by the file server to support file naming and directory structure. Filename maximum length ranges from 8 to 256 characters, depending on the particular server operating system support. Stored programs are typically loaded from a file server for execution on a client or host server platform. Database servers are managed by a database engine such as Sybase, IBM, Ingress, Informix, or Oracle. The file server provides the initial space, and the database engine allocates space for tables within the space provided by the file server. These host services are responsible for providing the specialized data services required of a database product—automatic blackout and recovery after power, hardware, or software failure, space management within the file, database reorganization, record locking, deadlock detection, and management. Print servers provide support to receive client documents, queue them for printing, prioritize them, and execute the specific print driver logic required for the selected printer. The print server software must have the necessary logic to support the unique characteristics of each printer. Effective print server support will include error recovery for jams and operator notification of errors with instructions for restart. Fax servers provide support similar to that provided by print servers. In addition, fax servers queue up outgoing faxes for later distribution when communications charges are lower. Because fax documents are distributed in compressed form using either Group III or Group IV compression, the fax server must be capable of dynamically compressing and decompressing documents for distribution, printing, and display. This operation is usually done through the addition of a fax card to the server. If faxing is rare, the software support for the compression and decompression options can be used. Image servers operate in a manner similar to fax servers.
Infrastructure servers provide support for wide area network (WAN) communications. This support typically includes support for a subset of IBM System Network Architecture (SNA), asynchronous protocols, X.25, ISDN, TCP/IP, OSI, and LAN-to-LAN NetBIOS communication protocols. In the Novell NetWare implementation, Gateway Communications provides a leading communications product. In the LAN Server and LAN Manager environments, OS/2 communications server products are available from IBM and DCA. In the Banyan VINES environment, the addition of DCA products to VINES provides support for SNA connectivity. UNIX servers provide a range of product add-ons from various vendors to support the entire range of communications requirements. VMS servers support Decent, TCP/IP, and SNA as well as various asynchronous and serial communications protocols. MVS servers provide support for SNA, TCP/IP, and some support for other asynchronous communications. Security at the server restricts access to software and data accessed from the server. Communicatio
ns access is controlled from the communications server. In most implementations, the use of a user login ID is the primary means of security. Using LAN Server, some organizations have implemented integrated Response Access/Control Facility (RACF) security by creating profiles in the MVS environment and downloading those to the LAN server for domain control. Systems and network management services for the local LAN are managed by a LAN administrator, but WAN services must be provided from some central location. Typically, remote LAN management is done from the central data center site by trained MIS personnel. The discussion in the following sections more specifically describes the functions provided by the server in a NOS environment. Requests are issued by a client to the NOS services software resident on the client machine. These services format the request into an appropriate RPC and issue the request to the application layer of the client protocol stack. This request is received by the application layer of the protocol stack on the server. File services handle access to the virtual directories and files located on the client workstation and to the server’s permanent storage. These services are provided through the redirection software implemented as part of the client workstation operating environment.
To diminish the effort and effect of installation and maintenance of software, software should be loaded from the server for execution on the client. New versions can be updated on the server and made immediately available to all users. In addition, installation in a central location reduces the effort required for each workstation user to knob the installation process. Because each client workstation user uses the same installation of the software, optional parameters are consistent, and remote help desk operators are aware of them. This simplifies the analysis that must occur to provide support. Sharing information, such as word processing documents, is easier when everyone is at the same release level and uses the same default setup within the software. Central productivity services such as style sheets and macros can be set up for general use. Most personal productivity products do permit local parameters such as colors, default printers, and so forth to be set locally as well. Backups of the server can be scheduled and monitored by a trained support person. Backups of client workstations can be scheduled from the server, and data can be stored at the server to facilitate recovery. Tape or optical backup units are typically used for backup; these devices can readily provide support for many users. Placing the server and its backups in a secure location helps prevent theft or accidental destruction of backups. A central location is readily monitored by a support person who ensures that the backup functions are completed. With more organizations looking at multimedia and image technology, large optical storage devices are most appropriately implemented as shared servers. High-quality printers, workstation-generated faxes, and plotters are natural candidates for support from a shared server. The server can accept input from many clients, queue it according to the priority of the request and handle it when the device is available. Many organizations realize substantial savings by enabling users to generate fax output from their workstations and queue it at a fax server for transmission when the communication costs are lower. Incoming faxes can be queued at the server and transmitted to the appropriate client either on receipt or on request. In concert with workflow management techniques, images can be captured and distributed to the appropriate client workstation from the image server. In the client/server model, work queues are maintained at the server by a supervisor in concert with default algorithms that determine how to distribute the queued work. Incoming paper mail can be converted to image form in the mail room and sent to the appropriate client through the LAN rather than through interoffice mail. Centralized capture and distribution enable images to be centrally indexed. This index can be maintained by the database services for all authorized users to query. In this way, images are captured once and are available for distribution immediately to all authorized users. Well-defined standards for electronic document management will allow this technology to become fully integrated into the desktop work environment. There are dramatic opportunities for cost savings and improvements in efficiency if this technology is properly implemented and used. Article 10 discusses in more detail the issues of electronic document management.
In the early hours database servers were actually file servers with a different interface. Products such as dBase, Clipper, FoxPro, and Paradox execute the database engine primarily on the client machine and use the file services provided by the file server for record access and free space management. These are new and more powerful implementations of the original flat-file models with extracted indexes for direct record access. Currency control is managed by the application program, which issues lock requests and lock checks, and by the database server, which creates a lock table that is interrogated whenever a record access lock check is generated. Because access is at the record level, all records satisfying the primary key must be returned to the client workstation for filtering. There are no facilities to execute procedural code at the server, to execute joins, or to filter rows prior to returning them to the workstation. This lack of capability dramatically increases the likelihood of records being locked when several clients are accessing the same database and increases network traffic when many unnecessary rows are returned to the workstation only to be rejected. The lack of server execution logic prevents these products from providing automatic partial update blackout and recovery after an application, system, or hardware failure. For this reason, systems that operate in this environment require an experienced system support programmer to assist in the recovery after a failure. When the applications are very straightforward and require only a single row to be updated in each interaction, this recovery issue does not arise. However, many client/server applications are required to update more than a single row as part of one logical unit of work. Client/server database engines such as Sybase, IBM’s Database Manager, Ingress, Oracle, and Informix provide support at the server to execute SERVER APPLICATION requests issued from the client workstation. The file services are still used for space allocation and basic directory services, but all other services are provided directly by the database server. Relational database management systems are the current technology for data management. The major disadvantage with the hierarchical technique is that only applications that access data according to its physical storage sequence benefit from locality of reference. Changes to application requirements that necessitate a different access approach require the data to be reorganized. This process, which involves reading, sorting, and rewriting the database into a new sequence, is not transparent to applications that rely on the original physical sequence. Indexes that provide direct access into the database provide the capability to view and access the information in a sequence other than the physical sequence. However, these indexes must be known to the user at the time the application is developed. The developer explicitly references the index to get to the data of interest. Thus, indexes cannot be added later without changing all programs that need this access to use the index directly. Indexes cannot be removed without changing programs that currently access the index. Most implementations force the application developer to be sensitive to the ordering and occurrence of columns within the record. Thus, columns cannot be added or removed without changing all programs that are sensitive to
these records. Application sensitivity to physical implementation is the main problem with hierarchical database systems. Application sensitivity to physical storage introduced considerable complexity into the navigation as application programmers traverse the hierarchy in search of their desired data. Attempts by database vendors to improve performance have usually increased the complexity of access. If life is too easy today, try to create a bidirectional virtually paired IMS logical relationship; that is why organizations using products such as IMS and IDMS usually have highly paid database technical support staff. As hardware technology evolves, it is important for the data management capabilities to evolve to use the new capabilities. Relational database technology provides the current data management solution to many of the problems inherent in the flat-file and hierarchical technologies. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, products such as Software AG’s ADABAS and System 2000 were introduced in an attempt to provide the application flexibility demanded by the systems of the day. IBM with IMS and Cull net with IDMS attempted to add features to their products to increase this flexibility. The first relational products were introduced by ADR with Dotcom DB and Computer Corporation of America with Model 204. Each of these implementations used extracted indexes to provide direct access to stored data without navigating the database or sorting flat files. All the products attempted to maintain some of the performance advantages afforded by locality of reference (storage of related columns and records as close as possible to the primary column and record).
The development of a relational algebra defining the operations that can be performed between tables has enabled efficient implementations of RDBMS. The establishment of industry standards for the definition of and access to relational tables has speeded the acceptance of RDBMS as the de facto standard for all client/server applications today. Similar standards do not yet exist for OODBMSs. There is a place for both models. To be widely used, OODBMSs need to integrate transparently with RDBMS technology. Table 4.1 compares the terminology used by RDBMS and OODBMS proponents. Relational databases are characterized by a simple data structure. All access to data and relationships between tables are based on values. A data value occurrence is uniquely determined by the concatenation of the table name, column name, and the value of the unique identifier of the row (the primary key). Relationships between tables are determined by a common occurrence of the primary key values. Applications build a view of information from tables by doing a join based on the common values. The result of the join is another table that contains a combination of column values from the tables involved in the stick together. There remain some applications for which RDBMS have not achieved acceptable performance. Primarily, these are applications that require very complex data structures. Thousands of tables may be defined with many relationships among them. Frequently, the rows are sparsely populated, and the applications typically require many rows to be linked, often recursively, to produce the necessary view. The major vendors in this market are Objectivity Inc., Object Design, onto, and Versant. Other vendors such as HP, Borland, and Ingress have incorporated object features into their products. The application characteristics that lead to an OODBMS choice are shown in Figure 4.3. OODBMS will become production capable for these types of applications with the introduction of 16Mbps D-RAM and the creation of persistent (permanent) databases in D-RAM. Only the logging functions will use real I/O. Periodically, D-RAM databases will be backed up to real magnetic or optical disk storage. During 1993, a significant number of production OODBMS applications were implemented. With the confidence and experience gained from these applications, the momentum is building, and 1994 and 1995 will see a significant increase in the use of OODBMSs for business critical applications. OODBMSs have reached a maturity level coincident with the demand for multimedia enabled applications. The complexities of dealing with multimedia demands the features of OODBMS for effective storage and manipulation.
Client/server applications require LAN and WAN communication services. Basic LAN services are integral to the NOS. WAN services are provided by various communications server products. Article 5 provides a complete discussion of connectivity issues in the client/server model. Client/server applications require similar security services to those provided by host environments. Every user should be required to log in with a user ID and password. If passwords might become visible to unauthorized users, the security server should insist that passwords be changed regularly. The enterprise on the desk implies that a single logon ID and logon sequence is used to gain the authority once to access all information and process for the user has a need and right of access. Because data may be stored in a less physically secure area, the option should exist to store data in an encrypted form. A combination of the user ID and password should be required to decrypt the data. New options, such as floppy less workstation with integrated data encryption standard (DES) coprocessors, are available from vendors such as Beaver Computer Company. These products automatically encrypt or decrypt data written or read to disk or a communication line. The encryption and decryption are done using the DES algorithm and the user password. This ensures that no unauthorized user can access stored data or communications data. This type of security is particularly useful for laptop computers participating in client/server applications, because laptops do not operate in surroundings with the same physical security of an office. To be able to access the system from a laptop without properly utilizing an ID number and password would be courting disaster. NetWare is a family of LAN products with support for IBM PC-compatible and Apple Macintosh clients and IBM PC-compatible servers. NetWare is a proprietary NOS in the strict sense that it does not require another OS, such as DOS, Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, Mac System 7, or UNIX to run on a server. A separate Novell product—Portable NetWare for UNIX—provides server support for leading RISC-based UNIX implementations, IBM PC-compatible systems running Windows NT, OS/2, high-end Apple Macs running Mac System 7, and Digital Equipment Corporation VAXs running VMS. NetWare provides the premier LAN environment for file and printer resource sharing. It had 62 percent of the market share in 1993. It is widely installed as the standard product in many organizations.
Suffice it to say that LAN Manager and its IBM derivative, LAN Server, are the standard products for use in client/server implementations using OS/2 as the server operating system. LAN Manager/X is the standard product for client/server implementations using UNIX System V as the server operating system. Microsoft released its Advanced Server product with Windows NT in the third quarter of 1993. During 1994, it will be enhanced with support for the Microsoft network management services, currently referred to as “Hermes,” and Banyan’s Enterprise Network Services (ENS). Advanced Server is the natural migration path for existing Microsoft LAN Manager and IBM LAN Server customers. Existing LAN Manager/X customers probably won’t find Advanced Server an answer to their dreams before 1995. AT&T has taken over responsibility for the LAN Manager/X version. Vendors such as Hewlett-Packard (HP) have reticence the product from AT&T. AT&T and Microsoft has an agreement to maintain compatible APIs for all base functionality. LAN Manager and Advanced Server provide client support for DOS, Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, and Mac System 7. Server support extends to NetWare, AppleTalk, UNIX, Windows NT, and OS/2. Client workstations can access data from both NetWare
and LAN Manager Servers at the same time. LAN Manager supports NetBIOS and Named Pipes LAN communications between clients and OS/2 servers. Redirection services are provided to map files and printers from remote workstations for client use. Advanced Server also supports TCP/IP communication. In early 1994, Advanced Server still will be a young product with many missing pieces. Even more troublesome, competitiveness between Microsoft and Novell is delaying the release of client requestor software and NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) support. Microsoft has added TCP/IP support to LAN Manager 2.1 and Advanced Server along with Net View and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agents. Thus, the tools are in place to provide remote LAN management for LAN Manager LANs. Microsoft has announced support for IBM Net View 6000 for Advanced Server management.
Advanced Server provides integrated support for peer-to-peer processing and client/server applications. Existing support for Windows NT, OS/2, UNIX, and Mac System 7 clients lets application, database, and communication servers run on the same machine as the file and print server. This feature is attractive in small LANs. The native operating system support for preemptive multitasking and storage protection ensures that these server applications do not reduce the reliability of other services. Even as Windows NT is rolled out to provide the database, application, and communications services to client/server applications, the use of Novell as the LAN NOS of choice will continue for peripheral resource sharing applications. Microsoft has attempted to preempt the small LAN market with its Windows for Workgroups product. This attacks the same market as NetWare Lite with a low-cost product that is tightly integrated with Windows. It is an attractive option for small organizations without a requirement for larger LANs. The complexities of systems management make it less attractive in an enterprise environment already using Novell. WWW can be used in conjunction with Novell for a workgroup wishing to use some WFW services, such as group scheduling. IBM has entered into an agreement to resell and integrate the Novell NetWare product into environments where both IBM LAN Server and Novell NetWare are required. NetWare provides more functional, easier-to-use, and higher-performance file and print services. In environments where these are the only LAN functions, NetWare is preferable to LAN Manager Derivatives. The capability to interconnect to the SNA world makes the IBM product LAN Server attractive to organizations that prefer to run both products. Most large organizations have department workgroups that require only the services that Novell provides well but may use LAN Server for client/server applications using SNA services such as APPN. IBM and Microsoft had an agreement to make the APIs for the two products equivalent. However, the dispute between the two companies over Windows 3.x and OS/2 has ended this cooperation. The most recent releases of LAN Manager NT 3 and LAN Server 3 are closer to the agreed equivalency, but there is no guarantee that this will continue. In fact, there is every indication that the products will diverge with the differing server operating system focuses for the two companies. IBM has priced LAN Server very attractively so that if OS/2 clients are being used, LAN Server is a low-cost option for small LANs. LAN Server supports DOS, Windows, and OS/2 clients. No support has been announced for Mac System 7, although it is possible to interconnect AppleTalk and LAN Server LANs to share data files and communication services.
Street Talk enables resources to be uniquely identified on the network, making them easier to access and manage. All resources, including file services, users, and printers, are defined as objects. Each object has a Street Talk name associated with it. Street Talk names follow a three-level hierarchical format: Item@Group@Organization. For example, a user can be identified as Psmith@Cerritos@Tnet. All network objects are stored in a distributed database that can be accessed globally. Novell’s NDS is similar to Street Talk in functionality. However, there are key differences. NDS can partition and replicate the database, which will generally improve performance and reliability. NDS is X.500-compliant and enables multiple levels of hierarchy. Street Talk supports a fixed three-level hierarchy. The NDS architecture offers more flexibility but with corresponding complexity and Street Talk is less flexible but fewer complexes to manage. One advantage the current version of Street Talk has over NDS is that Street Talk objects can have unlimited attributes available for selection. Novell and Microsoft have announced support for Banyan ENS within their products to be available in Q2 1994. Banyan and DCA provide SNA services to the VINES environment. VINES support UNIX, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and Mac System 7 clients. NFS is the standard file system support for UNIX. PC NFS is available from Sun Select and FTP to provide file services support from a UNIX server to Windows, OS/2, Mac, and UNIX clients. Client/server computing requires that LAN and WAN topologies be in place to provide the necessary internetworking for shared applications and data. Gartner Group1 surveyed and estimated the Microsystems’ integration topologies for the period 1986-1996; the results appear in Figure 4.6. Of special interest is the projection that most workstations will be within LANs by 1996, but only 14 percent will be involved in an enterprise LAN by that date. These figures represent a fairly pessimistic outlook for interconnected LAN-to-LAN and enterprise-wide connectivity. These figures probably will prove to be substantially understated if organizations adopt an architectural perspective for the selection of their platforms and tools and use these tools within an organizationally optimized systems development environment (SDE). Routers and communication servers will be used to provide communication services between LANs and into the WAN. In the client/server model, these connections will be provided transparently by the SDE tools. There are significant performance implications if the traffic volumes are large. IBM’s LU6.2 implementation in APPC and TCP/IP provides the best support for high-volume, LAN-to-LAN/WAN communications. DEC’s implementation of DECnet always has provided excellent LAN-to-WAN connectivity. Integrated support for TCP/IP, LU6.2, and IPX provides a solid platform for client/server LAN-to-WAN implementation within DECnet.
The lack of real estate on the desktop encouraged most organizations to move to a single device—using terminal emulation from the workstation—to access existing mainframe applications. It will take considerable time and effort before all existing host-based applications in an organization are replaced by client/server applications. In the long term, the host will continue to be the location of choice for enterprise database storage and for the provision of security and network management services. Mainframes are expensive to buy and maintain, hard to use, inflexible, and large, but they provide the stability and capacity required by many organizations to run their businesses. As Figure 4.7 notes, in the view of International Data Corporation, they will not go away soon. Their roles will change, but they will be around as part of the enterprise infrastructure for many more years. Only organizations who create an enterprise architecture strategy and transformational plans will accomplish the migration to client/server in less than a few years. Without a well-architected strategy, gradual evolution will produce failure. Information that is of value or interest to the entire business must be managed by a central data administration function and appear to be stored on each user’s desk. These applications are traditionally implemented as Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) to the mainframe or minicomputer. With the client/server model, it is feasible to use database technology to replicate or migrate data to distrib
uted servers. Wherever data resides or is used, the location must be transparent to the user and the developer. Data should be stored where it best meets the business need. Online Transaction Processing applications are found in such industries as insurance, finance, government, and sales—all of which process large numbers of transactions. Each of these transactions requires a minimal amount of user think time to process. In these industries, data is frequently collected at the source by the knowledgeable worker. As such, the systems have high requirements for availability, data integrity, performance, concurrent access, growth potential, security, and manageability. Systems implemented in these environments must prove their worth or they will be rejected by an empowered organization. They must be implemented as an integral part of the job process. OLTP has traditionally been the domain of the large mainframe vendors—such as IBM and DEC—and of special-purpose, fault-tolerant processors from vendors such as Tandem and Stratus. The client/server model has the capability to provide all the services required for OLTP at much lower cost than the traditional platforms. All the standard client/server requirements for a GUI—application portability, client/server function partitioning, software distribution, and effective development tools—exist for OLTP applications. The first vendor to deliver a production-quality product in this arena is Cooperative Solutions with its Ellipse product. Prior to Ellipse, OLTP systems required developers to manage the integrity issues of unit-of-work processing, including currency control and transaction rollback. Ellipse provides all the necessary components to build systems with these features. Ellipse currently operates with Windows 3.x, OS/2 clients, and OS/2 servers using the Sybase database engine. Novell is working with Cooperative Solutions to port Ellipse as a Novell NetWare Loadable Module (NLM). It provides a powerful GUI development environment using a template language as shorthand for development. This language provides a solid basis for building an organizational SDE and lends itself well to the incorporation of standard components. As UNIX has matured, it has added many of the features found in other commercial operating systems such as VMS and MVS. There are now several offerings for OLTP with UNIX. IBM is promoting CICS 6000 as a downsizing strategy for CICS MVS. Database services will be provided by a combination of AIX and MVS servers.
With the release of Windows NT (New Technology) in September of 1993, Microsoft staked its unique position with a server operating system. Microsoft’s previous development of OS/2 with IBM did not create the single standard UNIX alternative that was hoped for. NT provides the preemptive multitasking services required for a functional server. It provides excellent support for Windows clients and incorporates the necessary storage protection services required for a reliable server operating system. Its implementation of C2 level security goes well beyond that provided by OS/2 and most UNIX implementations. It will take most of 1994 to get the applications and rugged zing necessary to provide an industrial strength platform for business critical applications. With Microsoft’s prestige and marketing muscle, NT will be installed by many organizations as their server of choice. IBM provides MVS as a platform for large applications. Many of the existing application services that organizations have purchased operate on System 370-compatible hardware running MVS. The standard networking environment for many large organizations—SNA—is a component of MVS. IBM prefers to label proprietary systems today under the umbrella of SAA. The objective of SAA is to provide all services on all IBM platforms in a compatible way—the IBM version of the single-system image. There is a commitment by IBM to provide support for the LAN Server running natively under MVS. This is an attractive option for organizations with large existing investments in MVS applications. The very large data storage capabilities provided by System 370-compatible platforms with MVS make the use of MVS for LAN services attractive to large organizations. MVS provides a powerful database server using DB2 and LU6.2. With broad industry support for LU6.2, requests that include DB2 databases as part of their view can be issued from a client/server application. Products such as Sybase provide high-performance static SERVER APPLICATION support, making this implementation viable for high-performance production applications. Digital Equipment Corporation provides OPENVMS as its server platform of choice. VMS has a long history in the distributed computing arena and includes many of the features necessary to act as a server in the client/server model. DEC was slow to realize the importance of this technology, and only recently did the company enter the arena as a serious vendor. NetWare supports the use of OPENVMS servers for file services. DEC provides its own server interface using a LAN Manager derivative product called Patchworks. Patchworks run native on the VAX and RISC Alpha RXP. This is a particularly attractive configuration because it provides access on the same processor to the application, database, and file services provided by a combination of OPENVMS, NetWare, and LAN Manager. Digital and Microsoft have announced joint agreements to work together to provide a smooth integration of Windows, Windows NT, Patchworks, and OPENVMS. This will greatly facilitate the migration by OPENVMS customers to the client/server model. VAX OPENVMS support for database products such as RDB, Sybase, Ingress, and Oracle enables this platform to execute effectively as a database server for client/server applications. Many organizations have large investments in VAX hardware and DECnet networking. The option to use these as part of client/server applications is attractive as a way to maximize the value of this investment. DECnet provides ideal support for the single-system image model. LAN technology is fundamental to the architecture of DECnet. Many large organizations moving into the client/server world of computing have standardized on DECnet for WAN processing. For example, Kodak selected Digital as its networking company even after selecting IBM as its mainframe outsourcing company.
UNIX is a primary player as a server system in the client/server model. Certainly, the history of UNIX in the distributed computing arena and its open interfaces provide an excellent opportunity for it to be a server of choice. To understand what makes it an open operating system, look at the system’s components. UNIX was conceived in the early 1970s by AT&T employees as an operating environment to provide services to software developers who were discouraged by the incompatibility of new computers and the lack of development tools for application development. The original intention of the UNIX architecture was to define a standard set of services to be provided by the UNIX kernel. These services are used by a shell that provides the command-line interface. Functionality is enhanced through the provision of a library of programs. Applications are built up from the program library and custom code. The power and appeal of UNIX lie in the common definition of the kernel and shell and in the large amount of software that has been built and is available. Applications built around these standards can be ported to many different hardware platforms. The objectives of the original UNIX were very comprehensive and might have been achieved except that the original operating system was developed under the auspices of AT&T. Legal ramifications of the consent decree governing the breakup of the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) prevented AT&T from getting into the computer business. As a result, the company had little motivation early on to promote UNIX as a product. To overcome this, and in an attempt to achieve an implementation of UNIX better suited to the needs of developers, the University of California at Berkeley
and other institutions developed better varieties of UNIX. As a result, the original objective of a portable platform was compromised. The new products were surely better, but they were not compatible with each other or the original implementation. Through the mid-1980s, many versions of UNIX that had increasing functionality were released. IBM, of course, entered the fray in 1986 with its own UNIX derivative, AIX. Finally, in 1989, an agreement was reached on the basic UNIX kernel, shell functions, and APIs. The computing community is close to consensus on what the UNIX kernel and shell will look like and on the definition of the specific APIs. Figure 4.8 shows the components of the future standard UNIX operating system architecture.
During all of these gyrations, one major UNIX problem has persisted that differentiates it from DOS, Windows NT, and OS/2 in the client/server world. Because the hardware platforms on which UNIX resides come from many manufacturers and are based on many different chip sets, the “off-the-shelf” software that is sold for PCs is not yet available for UNIX. Software is sold and distributed in its executable form, so it must be compiled and linked by the developer for the target platform. This means that organizations wishing to buy UNIX software must buy it for the specific target platform they are using. This also means that when they use many platforms in a distributed client/server application, companies must buy different software versions for each platform.
UNIX is particularly desirable as a server platform for client/server computing because of the large range of platform sizes available and the huge base of application and development software available. Universities are contributing to the UNIX momentum by graduating students who see only UNIX during their student years. Government agencies are insisting on UNIX as the platform for all government projects. The combination of these pressures and technology changes should ensure that UNIX compatibility will be mandatory for server platforms in the last half of this decade. OSF initially developed Motif, a graphical user interface for UNIX, that has become the de facto UNIX GUI standard. The Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) is gaining acceptance as the standard for distributed application development although its Distributed Management Environment has yet to achieve such widespread support. OSF/1, the OSF defined UNIX kernel, has been adopted only by DEC, although most other vendors have made promises to support it. OSF/1 brings the promise of a UNIX micro kernel more suitable to the desktop environment than existing products. The desire for a standard UNIX encourages other organizations. For example, the IEEE tackled the unified UNIX issue by establishing a group to develop a standard portable operating system called POSIX. The objective is to develop an ANSI standard operating system. POSIX isn’t UNIX, but it is UNIX-like. POSIX standards (to which most vendors pledge compliance) exist today. DEC’s OPENVMS operating system, for example, supports published POSIX standards. POSIX at this point, however, does little to promote interoperability and portability because so little of the total standard has been finalized. Simple applications that will run across different POSIX-compliant platforms will be written. However, they will be limited applications because developers will be unable to use any of the rich, non-POSIX features and functions that the vendors offer beyond the basic POSIX-compliant core. X/Open started in Europe and has spread to include most major U.S. computer makers. X/Open is having significant impact in the market because its goal is to establish a standard set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that will enable interoperability. These interfaces are published in the X/Open Portability Guide. Applications running on operating systems that comply with these interfaces will communicate with each other and interoperate, even if the underlying operating systems are different. This is the key objective of the client/server model. The COSE announcement by HP, IBM, SCO, Sun, and Univel (Novell/USL) in March 1993 at the Uniforms Conference is the latest attempt to create a common ground between UNIX operating systems. The initial COSE announcement addresses only the user’s desktop environment and graphical user interface; although in time it is expected to go further. COSE is a more pragmatic group attempting to actually “get it done.” Another major difference from previous attempts to create universal UNIX standards is the involvement of SCO and Sun. These two organizations own a substantial share of the UNIX market and have tended to promote proprietary approaches to the desktop interface. SCO provides its Open Desktop environment, and Sun offers Open Look. The commitment to Motif is a significant concession on their part and offers the first real opportunity for complete vendor interoperability and user transparency to platform.
In October of 1993, Novell decided to bestow the rights to the UNIX name to X/Open so that all vendors can develop to the UNIX standards and use the UNIX name for their products. This largely symbolic gesture will eliminate some of the confusion in the marketplace over what software is really UNIX. COSE is looking beyond the desktop to graphics, multimedia, object technology, and systems management. Networking support includes Novell’s NetWare UNIX client networking products, OSF’s DCE, and SunSoft’s Open Network Computing. Novell has agreed to submit the NetWare UNIX client to X/Open for publication as a standard. In the area of graphics, COSE participants plan to support a core set of graphics facilities from the X Consortium, the developer of X Windows. Addressing multimedia, the COSE participants plan to submit two joint specifications in response to the Interactive Multimedia Association’s request for technology. One of those specifications, called Distributed Media Services (DMS), defines a network-independent infrastructure supporting an integrated API and data stream protocol. The other—the Desktop Integrated Media Environment—will define multimedia access and collaboration tools, including at least one basic tool for each data type supported by the DMS infrastructure. The resulting standard will provide users with consistent access to multimedia tools in MultiFinder environments. COSE also addresses object technology, an area targeted by IBM and Sun. The group will support the efforts of the Object Management Group (OMG) and its Common Object Request Broker (CORBA) standard for deploying and using distributed objects. IBM already has a CORBA-compliant object system in beta test for AIX. Sun built an operating system code named spring as a proof of concept in 1992. Sun has a major project underway, called Distributed Objects Everywhere (DOE), that is producing very exciting productivity results. Finally, COSE will focus on the management of distributed file systems, distribution, groups and users, print spooling, software installation licensing, and storage. It is not a coincidence that these vendors are coming together to define a standard UNIX at this time. The COSE effort is a defensive reaction to the release of Microsoft’s Windows NT. With this commitment to a 32-bit desktop and server operating system, Microsoft has taken the wind out of many of the UNIX claims to technical superiority. Despite its numerous advantages as a desktop and server operating system, UNIX never has been widely accepted in the general corporate world that favors DOS/Windows and Novell’s NetWare. A key drawback to UNIX in the corporate arena has been the lack of a single UNIX standard. UNIX has a well established position as the operating system of choice for distributed relational databases from vendors like Informix, Ingress, Oracle, and Sybase. Most of these vendors, however, will port their products to Windows NT as well. Any effort to reduce the problems associated with the multiple UNIX variants will do much to bolster the stature of UNIX as a worthwhile alternative to W
indows NT.
Spin this fantasy around in your mind. All the major hardware and software vendors get together and agree to install a black box in their systems that will, in effect, wipe away their technological barriers. This black box will connect a variety of small operating systems, dissimilar hardware platforms, incompatible communications protocols, all sorts of applications and database systems, and even unlike security systems. And the black box will do all this transparently, not only for end users but also for systems managers and applications developers.2 OSF proposes the distributed computing environment (DCE) as this black box. DCE is the most important architecture defined for the client/server model. It provides the bridge between existing investments in applications and new applications based on current technology. Figure 4.10 shows this architecture defined by the OSF. The first product components of DCE were released in the third quarter of 1991. DCE competes directly with Sun’s open network computing (ONC) environment and indirectly with many other network standards. OSF/1 and DCE are almost certain to win this battle because of the massive market presence of the OSF sponsors. IBM has now committed to making its AIX product OSF/1 compatible by early 1994. It will be 1995 before the product is mature and complete enough to be widely used as part of business applications. In the interim, product vendors and systems integrators will use it to build portable products and applications. The general availability of code developed for previous, similar product components will speed the process and enable new development to be modeled on the previous releases. DCE has been described as another layer grouping in the OSI model.3 DCE provides the link between pure communications on the lower layers and end-user applications.
These components become active whenever a local application requests data, services, or processes from somewhere. The OSF says that DCE will make a network of systems from multiple vendors appear as a single stand-alone computer to applications developers, systems administrators, and end users. Thus, the single-system image is attained. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) and Presentation Services: Interface Definition Languages (IDLs) and RPCs enable programmers to transfer control and data across a network in a transparent manner that helps to mask the network’s complexity. DCE uses the RPC originally developed by the HP Apollo Network Computing System (NCS), with some enhancements by DEC and IBM. NCS also provides the Network Data Representation (NDR), a virtual data representation. NDR enables data to be exchanged between various vendor products transparently. Conversions (as necessary) will take place with no intervention by the caller. Naming, security, file system, and data type conversions may take place as data is transported between various platforms. Naming: User-oriented names, specifying computers, files, and people should be easily accessible in a distributed environment. These directory services must offer standard appearance and rules for all clients. DCE supports the X.500 directory services standard, adding extensions from DEC’s Domain Name Service (DECdns). The standardized X.500 code is Siemens Nixdorf’s DIR-X X.500 service. Security: Distributed applications and services must identify users, control access to resources, and guard the integrity of all applications. DCE uses the Kerberos authentication service, developed by MIT as part of its Athena networking project and enhanced by Hewlett-Packard. This service is one of the major challenges to making products available quickly, because very few products today are developed with an awareness of this specification. Threads: This terminology represents a method of supporting parallel execution by managing multiple threads of control within a process operating in a distributed environment. Threads enable systems to start up multiple processes and forget about them until they are completed. This is especially important for network servers that may have to handle many requests from many clients at the same time. They must be able to do this without waiting for the previous request to complete. DCE is using DEC’s Concert Multithread Architecture (CMA) implementation. Time Service: A time service synchronizes all system clocks of a distributed environment so that executing applications can depend on equivalent clocking among processes. Consider that many machines operating in many time zones may provide processes as part of a single application solution.
It is essential that they agree on the time in order to manage scheduled events and time-sequenced events. DCE is using a modification of DEC’s Distributed Time Synchronization Service. Distributed File Services: By extending the local file system throughout the network, users gain full access to files on remote configurations. DCE uses Sun’s Network File System (NFS) Version 2 and provides next-generation capabilities with the Andrew File System (AFS), developed at Carnegie-Mellon University and commercialized by Transact Corp. Diskless operations under AFS are supported by development work done by Hewlett-Packard. PC Integration: Integration enables PCs using MS-DOS, Windows NT, and OS/2 to access file and print services outside the MS-DOS environment. DCE uses Microsoft’s LAN Manager/X. Management: Although partly addressed by the previous components, management is so complex in a distributed, heterogeneous configuration that OSF has defined a new architecture: distributed management environment (DME). DME provides a common framework for the management of stand-alone and distributed systems. This framework provides consistent tools and techniques for managing different types of systems and enables vendors to build system management applications that work on a variety of platforms. OSF will base DME on technology from Hewlett-Packard’s Open View product.
SAA is IBM’s distributed environment. SAA was defined by IBM in 1986 as an architecture to integrate all IBM computers and operating systems, including MVS, VM/CMS, OS/400, and OS/2-EE. SAA defines standards for a common user access (CUA) method, common programming interfaces (CPI), and a common communication link (APPC). To support the development of SAA-compliant applications, IBM described SAA frameworks (that somewhat resemble APIs). The first SAA framework is AD/Cycle, the SAA strategy for CASE application development. AD/Cycle is designed to use third-party tools within the IBM SAA hardware and mainframe Repository Manager/MVS data storage facility. Several vendors have been selected by IBM as AD/Cycle partners, namely: Intervolve, Knowledge Ware, Bachman, Synod, Systematic a, and Easel Corp. Several products are already available, including the Easel Workbench toolkit, Bachman DB2, CSP tools, and the Knowledge Ware Repository and MVS tools. Unfortunately, the most important component, the Repository Manager, has not yet reached production quality in its MVS implementation and as yet there are no plans for a client/server implementation. Many original IBM customers involved in evaluating the Repository Manager have returned the product in frustration. Recently, there has been much discussion about the need for a production-quality, object-oriented database management system to support the entity relationship (ER) model underlying the repository. Only this, say some sources, will make implementation and performance practical. A further failing in the SAA strategy is the lack of open systems support. Although certain standards, such as Motif, SERVER APPLICATION, and LU6.2, are identified as part of SAA; the lack of support for AIX has prevented many organizations from adopting SAA. IBM has published all the SAA standards and has licensed various protocols, such as LU6.2. The company has attempted to open up the SAA software development world. IBM’s director of open systems strategy, George Siegel, says that IBM believes in openness through interfaces. Thus, the complete definition of APIs enables other vendors
to develop products that interface with IBM products and with each other. Recent announcements, such as support for CICS AIX, point to a gradual movement to include AIX in the SAA platforms. The first SAA application that IBM released, Office Vision, was a disaster. The product consistently missed shipping dates and lacked much of the promised functionality. IBM has largely abandoned the product now and is working closely with Lotus and its workgroup computing initiatives. IBM has consistently defined common database, user interface, and communications standards across all platforms. This certainly provides the opportunity to build SAA-compliant client/server applications.
IBM has clarified System View as its DME product. System View defines APIs to enable interoperability between various vendor products. It is expected to be the vehicle for linking AIX into centralized mainframe sites. IBM has stated that System View is an open structure for integrating OSI, SNA, and TCP/IP networks. At this time, System View is a set of guidelines to help third-party software developers and customers integrate systems and storage management applications, data definitions, and access methods. The guidelines are intended to further support single-system image concepts.
In view of the above, it is a significant fact that The recent introduction of CICS for OS/2, AIX, and OS/400 and the announcement of support for AIX mean that a single transaction-processing platform is defined across the entire range of products. Applications developed under OS/2 can be ported to interoperate between OS/2, OS/400, MVS, and eventually AIX, without modification. COBOL and C are common programming languages for each platform. SERVER APPLICATION is the common data access language in all platforms. The failure of SAA is attributable to the complexity of IBM’s heterogeneous product lines and the desire of many organizations to move away from proprietary to open systems solutions. This acknowledgment piloted IBM to announce its new Open Enterprise plan to replace the old System Application Architecture (SAA) plan with an open network strategy. System View is a key IBM network product linking OS/2, UNIX, and AS/400 operating systems. Traditional Systems Network Architecture (SNA) networking will be replaced by new technologies, such as Advanced Peer-to-Peer Communications (APPC) and Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking.
Written by: Kh. Atiar Rahman
Counter Part Officer
Financial Management Reform Programme
ModSecurity is a module running on Apache and is based on linux server. It will help users learn about various computer security vulnerabilities like SQL injection, cross-site scripting attacks, cross-site request forgeries, null byte attacks, and many more so that one knows how attackers operate. It will also help one find the geographical location of an attacker and send alert emails when attacks are discovered.
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Real-life case studies are used to illustrate the dangers on the Web today – you will for example learn how the recent worm that hit Twitter works, and how you could have used ModSecurity to stop it in its tracks. The mechanisms behind these and other attacks are described in detail, and you will learn everything you need to know to make sure your server and web application remain unscathed on the increasingly dangerous web. Have you ever wondered how attackers figure out the exact web server version running on a system? They use a technique called HTTP fingerprinting, and you will learn about this in depth and how to defend against it by flying your web server under a “false flag”.
Users can learn to compile ModSecurity from source and install it on a Linux system and also find out how to prevent the source code of their web application being shown to the world if something goes wrong with their server configuration They would also discover the real IP address of an attacker using ModSecurity, even if the attacker is behind a proxy server.
With lots of easy to follow examples and step-by-step instructions, this book is perfect for system administrators or anyone running an Apache web server who wants to learn how to secure their server. The book is out now and available at Packt. To read more about it, please visit: http://www.packtpub.com/modsecurity-2-5/book
Java is most suitable for creating Enterprise Applications for its flexibility and control. JAVA is used to create wide range of application with an extensive functionality. Java application development can be used for creating Games or corporate application. Java development allows users to take benefit of many Smartphone features, like GPS and Bluetooth and integrate those features flawlessly with already-existing BlackBerry apps such as the address book, calendar, and maps features. The only disadvantage is that Java provides huge functionality and that requires some expert skills to take advantages and integrating JAVA application.
Choosing the right Java developer is always tough task when you are creating broad applications with a large amount of functionality. One feature of Java is portability, which means that programs written in the Java language must run similarly on any supported platform.
Sun Microsystems officially licenses the Java Standard Edition platform for Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris. Java Programs have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than the programs written in some other languages. Java syntax is largely derived from C++. Unlike C++, that combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming.
Java development Advantages
JAVA is an open source so one does not have to worry about the license. Java is easy to use programming language. It is easy to write, compile and debug to other programming languages. Java is object-oriented because Java is centered on creating objects, manipulating, and make objects work together. It is possible to create modular programs and reusable code. One of the most significant benefits of Java is its ability to move easily from one system to another. Java has ability to run the same program on many different systems is crucial to World Wide Web software. Java succeeds at this by being platform-independent at both the source and binary levels. Writing network programs in Java is as easy as sending and receiving data to and from a file. JAVA is very useful for creating dynamic web application.
JAVA programming enables secure and high performance development on multiple platforms. Outsource Java at Rightway solution, expertise in JAVA/J2EE Development with professional JAVA programmer.
- How GIS softwares can be related to communication grazing land?
-How GIS softwares can be related to communication field? -and how GPS systems can be related to GIS softwares?
looking for a clear design livelihood?
looking for a graphic design job? I am an amateur pictographic designer looking for a job with little retribution and just designing a website or something.I am only 13 but i own talent and would love to become a graphic designer in the adjectives.Please give me a chance I would really appreciate it. thank you. =]]
What Computer job?
Im only 13 but when im older i probs want to do something surrounded by computers? What can u do? Lyk were do u get the best money an adjectives? Does hacking a job?
What humane of career can i apply next to associate level surrounded by computer systems?
Im going to do a associate degree in computer systems(Networking).Its a two years degree(associate).So what gentle of job can i apply with this ? Thanks deeply for the answers.
Will a Degree within Christian Studies as my Major assistance me go and get a honest duty?
I’m taking Pastoral Counseling. What types of jobs can I look forward to applying for?
$50000 for a none experienced trellis developer?
I don’t know where to research salaries for programmers / developers. I’m a soon-to-be college college graduate who have a job lined up as a trellis developer and I don’t know what to ask from my employers. So far, I’m thinking of $50000. By the way, I’ve be working at this place for 4-5 years. I began as a premium accounting tech then I moved to the IT department as a software tester. I’m working in that as a part timer while going to school. Any planning? Thanks.
“contained by house ways” of brushing up computer skills to gain a mission?
I have a basic computer amount, but I have to upgrade my skills in writ to function in the real world, the college curriculum be too theoretical and did not address the needs of Industries. Suggestions will be greatly appreciated.
“Professional” versus Distinct Resumes?
I’ve been using a slightly more stylish resume in yesteryear couple years, and it has landed me internships at top firms surrounded by the entertainment industry, as well as one of the top 5 websites globally. I’ve be applying to FT jobs as I’m graduating college and I guess I would consider the resume appropriate for applying for job in the “biz”. But I’m interested in applying to Technology companies, and lately, a recruiter/friend of mine at a top IT consulting firm strongly criticized my resume for being unprofessional. She suggested strict Times New Roman font, strict formatting, etc.,….
“Salary of BD 1055″ Versus “Cost of living of Bahrain” – Kindly support.
Greeting Friends. Need your esteemed help. I have get an offer from “Polaris Software Labs” Manama-Bahrain as an IT-Consultant for a payout of BD 1055 per month ( BD 340 as Indemnity payed out yearly once i.e. (a) the successful completion of one year). I appreciate that such similar questions have already be posted out here, with many gracious inhabitants having replied to the same. However frequent of the relevant once have got elder. Hence I would really appreciate if folks out there can help me within understand the “Cost of living” (good & moderate lifestyle, but no luxuries) of Bahrain. Following would be some data around me that might help you all: – 1. I am married (no kids) 2. I don’t drink/ don’t smoke. 3. Would want to force a normal house. 4. Would want to effort a commonplace car.(as I have hear that, it is a necessity) 5. Yes, I would want to save some good money as capably. 6. Go out site seeing – eat out etc. etc. But rarely 7. My work charter will be sponsored by the Company. 8. The Company is also covering me under ..
“What job would fit me best?” for which I am looking for carrer guidance on website pl inform?
“What career would fit me best?” for which I am looking for carrer guidance on website pl inform? I will be passing out 12th title
(for SPECIALIZED PROGRAMMERS) NEED ADVISE in relation to programming?
at the moment i hate programming, although i have followed a JAVA course i couldn’t catchup the rudiments right. that may be the reson that i dislike programming, but i know the importance of programming and want to become a good programmer.. can someone supply me some advise regarding this event, *are there any easy ways to breed this subject interresting, *what r the steps to follow, *what r the books that i should refere to as a biginner PLEASE HELP ME TO BECOME A GOOD PROGRAMMER
(Resume Question) Should I include my psych amount as will as compsci when applying to computer job?
I’m a computer programmer who has a degree within Computer Science (2002) and more recently a degree contained by Psychology (2005). The latter was more of a personal interest and not really anything I am pursuing a career contained by. Is there any compelling reason I should include Psychology scope on my resume? Please note that I’ve asked this question to a range of people over the years and got a mix of answers. So I’d prefer a reasoning losing the answers given…
. Make a Functional Resume which will see you to win the required brief.?
A software house is looking for a person having Masters Degree surrounded by computer science along with four years experience; he should be proficient in background base, web designing, network and trouble shooting. Make a Functional Resume which will enable you to win the required job. ENG Writing
..:: Web designing ::..?
Hi, I am Elbee, i’m 17 and looking forward to go for web designing as my craft option in the adjectives. Can someone please tell me whether it is a good work option ? I mean, can a pattern designer earn a good living for himself ? And one more piece that i wanted to ask was, There are sundry computer institutes teaching people HTML,XHTML,Flash etc here contained by India. After their students graduate, it is these computer institutes only who fetch clients and jobs for them. But i hold learnt all this stuff adjectives alone, so u think i will be able to attract clients if my skills are worth it…..
.I am considering a art within computer engineering. Any engineers or undergrads that can let somebody know me almost it?
My dad (who is from india) really wants me to be a computer engineer. I am pretty angelic in math, physics and such. I would say that I am a bit above average, although I am not close to as biddable as those really mathematically fluent kids, if you know what I mean. I think it may be an interesting occupation, and I am willing to consider it. Would I be able to feel it? (I don’t work particulary hard in college, but I don’t miss homework and work harder than the average kid.)Do you know any colleagues/co-students that are not that great at math? Is it an exciting subject to study?
.lattice certificarions,pls facilitate!?
Hi, I am novice in .lattice technology but am interested to know about the .net certifications.My query are: 1.Where to start from?means which certification to start near? 2.Can u please explain the step by step the sequence of certifications? 3.Estimated cost[indian rupees] 4.How to take preparation? 5.In this regard, can u suggest some well brought-up sites,communities,study materials in internet? thx in finance for your help!
.Net developer surrounded by a tough spot at current duty?
I started to look for a new job after 1 1/2 at my current company. I told my boss that I be going on an interview and he appreciated my honesty. I did told him because I did want to be honest a
nd I knew I was going to generate more money else where and advance my skills. Here the problem.. I thought wrong. I aced the interview but the modern job wants to impart me the same salary I am currently earn, plus a 10% bonus at the end of the year based on ceremonial. Should I start over, knowing that I got to leave immediately because my current job knows I go for an interview, or – stay at my current job and assume my job is support?
.network courses contained by chennai near placement opportunity.?
i am ramesh who did my MBA in Finance and System five years back. Since afterwards, i had been working within accounting and financial field in a FMCG concern. Now i would similar to to switch my career from finance to IT. I would close to to study .net courses in chennai. Should i translation my career? if yes, could anyone please tell me the right institute which provides .lattice courses with High Placement opportunities.
_____ do it till…?
hey, well I’m a drafter and I’ve been thinking of a moral drafters do it _________ saying, but I’ve come up short. I was lately seeing what some of you can come up with. I guess I’m kinda looking for the good ole bartenders do it till you puke sorta point.
10 th- 75.4% ,12 th -67%, bsc cs- 57% onwards,, am i eligible for any IT company recuirments?
please tell lucidly , now i am doing msc (it) first year. i am contained by india at tamil nadu. thank you.
13 year old-fashioned novice programmer, requirements undertaking?
I’m 13 years old, a beginner C++ programmer and I necessitate a online job to earn money. I could start a business but I don’t know where to switch on, I could be a employee but I cannot find any jobs accessible for my age, I need help earn money…Also please do not give me any bull about mowing lawns to earn money I know impressively well I could do that at any given moment but I do NOT want that to be my primary choice.
15 year antiquated job?
where are some places in Minnesota where on earth a 15 year old can get a situation (guy)
17 moving on to 18, looking for kind of online job.?
Wondering if there are such online jobs or search for online jobs I could read through and see if I am interested in. I turn 18 January and are a Jr.
18 yr prehistoric starts business next to £35. Help please!?
I have recently started TheSockButler.com beside just lb35 after leaving sixth form. I wondered if you could answer the following question for my research please: What do you look for when purchasing a pair/ pairs of socks? i.e. color, material What is your favorite clothing brand? Please answer the following questions if you purchase socks online: Why do you purchase socks online? How regularly do you purchase socks online? How many pairs of socks do you purchase each time? How much do you earnings for each pair? Do you buy the socks for yourself or as a grant? If as a gift who for? i.e. boyfriend, girlfriend, father, son etc Which magazines/ online newsletters do you regularly read..
1st time chore Interview as Desktop Support Analyst … disconcerted as hell
?Hi all, I sucks at job interviews. I enjoy an important interview coming up next week as desktop support, and I really close to this company, can someone with relevant experience give some useful advices? What to expect, what is being asked? What should I say or avoid cliché? Plase
2 family hold be chosen for a second interview …”ours” appears to be the second one of the hours of daylight…
My fiance had his first interview with a potential employer ultimate Wednesday. By Friday, they called to schedule the second interview for today at 2:30 p.m. We know that they narrowed it down to two family. My fiance and another gentleman. We are pretty certain that my fiance is the second being today. Is this a good thing? How habitually do they offer you the job on the spot during the second interview? (this is a professional/supervisory position contained by engineer/automation for a new product line)
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